What Is Granolithic Floors ?
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INFLUENCE LINE METHOD OF ANALYSIS INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM An influence line for any given point or section of structure is a curve whose ordinates represent to scale the variation of a function such as shear force, bending moment, deflection etc at a point or section, as the unit load moves across the structure. Influence line for determinate structures: (1) Simply supported beam: I.L.D. for reactions at the supports: Let a unit load waves from the left end A to the right end B of the beam. As’ x’ increases, increases and decreases. At x=0, =0, =1 At x=l, = 1, = 0 Thus, I.L.D. is shown in the figure below. Uses of an Influence Line Diagram: To determine the value of the quantity for a given system of loads on the span of the structure. To determine the position of live load for the quantity to have the maximum value and hence to compute the maximum value of the quantity. INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS: ...
12 Important Points for Civil Site Engineers to Remember at Site 1: In steel reinforcement works the Binding Wire required 8kg per MT , (( mt or MT ), equal to one thousand kilograms. 2: Density of Mild steel is 7850kg / m3 3: Unit weight of steel formula for 1 meter = D2 / 162 where D is Dia of steel in mm 4: Volume of One cement bag is in Cubic Meter = 0.0347 m3 which is equal to 50 kg. 5: density of Cement = 1440 kg / m3 6: Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm. 7: Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm. 8: Lapping length for Compression member = 50 D 9: Lapping length for Tension member = 40 D 10: Concrete fall should not more than 1.5 meter. 11: In steel reinforcement chairs minimum dia should be use 12 mm. 12: In square column we used minimum 4 Nos bar and circular column 6 Nos.
2 LIMIT STATES DESIGN OF R.C. STRUCTURES INTRODUCTION • Purpose Of Structural Design: The purpose of structural design is providing a safe structure complying with the user’s requirements. The design should evolve a structural solution for safety and serviceability throughout the design life, which gives the greatest overall economy for the first cost end for maintenance costs. • Limit states: Limit states are concerned with structural safety and serviceability and cover all forms of failure. A structure could be rendered unfit for use in many ways and these factors are conveniently grouped into three major categories. – Ultimate limit states: collapse of the structure due to normal or exceptional loadings or the occurrence of exceptional events like earthquake etc. – Serviceability limit states: Deflection, cracking and vibration. – Other limit states: Fatigue, Durability, Fire resistance, Lightning etc. It is often possible that a given structure is required to satisfy...