What Is Granolithic Floors ?

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INFLUENCE LINE METHOD OF ANALYSIS INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM An influence line for any given point or section of structure is a curve whose ordinates represent to scale the variation of a function such as shear force, bending moment, deflection etc at a point or section, as the unit load moves across the structure. Influence line for determinate structures: (1) Simply supported beam: I.L.D. for reactions at the supports: Let a unit load waves from the left end A to the right end B of the beam. As’ x’ increases,   increases and   decreases. At x=0,  =0,  =1 At x=l,  = 1,  = 0 Thus, I.L.D. is shown in the figure below. Uses of an Influence Line Diagram: To determine the value of the quantity for a given system of loads on the span of the structure. To determine the position of live load for the quantity to have the maximum value and hence to compute the maximum value of the quantity. INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAMS: ...
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2 LIMIT STATES DESIGN OF R.C. STRUCTURES INTRODUCTION  • Purpose Of Structural Design: The purpose of structural design is providing a safe structure complying with the user’s requirements. The design should evolve a structural solution for safety and serviceability throughout the design life, which gives the greatest overall economy for the first cost end for maintenance costs.  • Limit states: Limit states are concerned with structural safety and serviceability and cover all forms of failure. A structure could be rendered unfit for use in many ways and these factors are conveniently grouped into three major categories. – Ultimate limit states: collapse of the structure due to normal or exceptional loadings or the occurrence of exceptional events like earthquake etc. – Serviceability limit states: Deflection, cracking and vibration. – Other limit states: Fatigue, Durability, Fire resistance, Lightning etc. It is often possible that a given structure is required to satisfy...
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